Compartment Syndrome: Expert Treatment and Rehabilitation at Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health

What is Compartment Syndrome?

Compartment syndrome occurs when excessive pressure builds up within one of the muscle compartments in the leg. Each compartment is a group of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels encased in a tough membrane called fascia. When pressure within the compartment increases, it restricts blood flow, which can lead to permanent damage to muscles and nerves if left untreated. This condition can either develop acutely due to trauma or over time due to repetitive activities, commonly seen in athletes.

Types of Compartment Syndrome

• Acute Compartment Syndrome: This is a medical emergency and often results from severe trauma such as fractures, crush injuries, or accidents. If untreated, it can lead to permanent damage to the muscles and nerves.

• Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: Typically occurs during prolonged physical activity, such as running or cycling, and the symptoms improve with rest. It is not immediately life-threatening but can significantly affect your performance and comfort.

Causes and Risk Factors

Acute Compartment Syndrome:

• Trauma: Severe injury to the leg, such as fractures or crush injuries, can increase pressure within a compartment.

• Surgical Complications: In rare cases, excessive bandaging or post-surgical swelling can cause compartment syndrome.

• Blood Clots or Bleeding: Internal bleeding, either from an injury or a clot, can raise pressure inside the muscle compartments.

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome:

• Repetitive Exercise: Activities like running, cycling, or jumping can cause chronic compartment syndrome, especially if the intensity or duration of exercise increases rapidly.

• Overuse: Sudden increases in activity levels without adequate rest can place undue strain on the muscles, leading to swelling and pressure buildup.

Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome

Acute Compartment Syndrome:

• Severe, Unrelenting Pain: Pain that worsens even with rest and is often disproportionate to the injury.

• Tightness or Swelling: A feeling of fullness or tightness in the affected area, which may be visibly swollen.

• Numbness and Weakness: Tingling sensations, numbness, or loss of strength in the affected leg or foot.

• Skin Discolouration: The skin may appear pale or reddish in colour, and in severe cases, it may feel cool to the touch.

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome:

• Pain During Activity: A feeling of tightness or cramping in the leg during exercise that improves with rest.

• Swelling and Bulging: A visible bulge in the affected compartment during or after exercise.

• Loss of Muscle Function: Reduced performance or difficulty moving the foot or toes during activity.

Diagnosing Compartment Syndrome

Diagnosis of compartment syndrome typically involves a combination of physical examination and imaging tests.

Physical Examination:

• Pain Assessment: A physiotherapist will assess the level of pain and any tenderness in the affected leg.

• Palpation: The therapist will feel for any swelling or tightness in the muscle compartments.

Diagnostic Tests:

• Pressure Measurement: A pressure monitor is used to measure the pressure within the compartment to confirm the diagnosis.

• Imaging: X-rays or MRI scans may be used to rule out fractures or other underlying conditions that could be contributing to the symptoms.

Treatment for Compartment Syndrome

At Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health, our approach to treating compartment syndrome focuses on both immediate relief and long-term recovery strategies.

Acute Compartment Syndrome:

• Emergency Surgery (Fasciotomy): In cases of acute compartment syndrome, surgery is required to relieve pressure. This procedure involves making an incision to release the tension and allow blood to flow freely again.

• Post-Surgical Rehabilitation: After surgery, a personalised rehabilitation plan can help restore strength, function, and mobility in the affected leg.

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome:

• Activity Modification: Gradual reduction in the intensity of activity can help alleviate symptoms and avoid further damage.

• Physical Therapy: Tailored exercises focusing on stretching and strengthening the muscles to improve flexibility and reduce pressure within the compartments.

• Orthotic Support: Custom foot orthotics may help correct movement patterns and reduce strain on the muscles of the leg.

• Surgical Intervention: In persistent cases, surgery to relieve the pressure may be necessary, similar to the fasciotomy used in acute cases.

Rehabilitation at Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health

Recovery from compartment syndrome requires a thorough rehabilitation plan. At Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health, we offer a comprehensive rehabilitation approach designed to optimise recovery and reduce the risk of future episodes.

Post-Surgery Rehabilitation:

• Early Mobilisation: Controlled exercises to help regain movement and prevent stiffness.

• Strength Training: Gradual progression of strength-building exercises to restore leg function and endurance.

• Pain Management: Use of techniques such as dry needling and massage to reduce discomfort and improve circulation.

Preventing Recurrence:

• Gradual Return to Activity: We will guide you on how to slowly increase the intensity of your exercise routine to avoid overloading the muscle compartments.

• Footwear and Support: Advice on suitable footwear and the use of orthotics to support correct movement mechanics and alleviate pressure.

Why Choose Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health?

At Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health, we understand the impact compartment syndrome can have on your quality of life. Whether you are experiencing acute symptoms or dealing with chronic exertional compartment syndrome, our team of expert physiotherapists will work with you to create a tailored treatment plan aimed at relieving pain, restoring mobility, and preventing future episodes.

If you are experiencing leg pain, swelling, or discomfort that you believe could be linked to compartment syndrome, we invite you to schedule an assessment with us. Our team will guide you through the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation process with compassionate, personalised care.

Don't let compartment syndrome limit your movement and quality of life. Contact Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health today for expert diagnosis and rehabilitation tailored to your needs.