Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Sprains: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)?

The LCL is one of four key ligaments in the knee that provide support and stability. Located on the outer side of the knee, the LCL helps prevent the knee from buckling outward. LCL injuries range in severity from mild sprains to complete tears and are less common than injuries to other ligaments like the ACL or MCL.

Causes of Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Sprains

LCL injuries are often associated with trauma or sudden stress to the outer knee. Common causes include:

Sports Injuries

• Direct Impact: A direct blow to the inside of the knee, forcing it outward, can overstretch or tear the LCL.

• Twisting Movements: Sudden changes in direction, pivoting, or twisting can place excessive strain on the LCL.

• Falls or Collisions: Contact sports like rugby, soccer, and basketball often involve collisions that increase the risk of LCL injuries.

Non-Sports Related Causes

• Motor Vehicle Accidents: High-impact collisions can stress the LCL, leading to sprains or tears.

• Workplace Accidents: Heavy lifting, sudden slips, or falls may result in LCL injuries.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase the likelihood of an LCL sprain:

• Weak Muscles: Insufficient strength in the lower leg and thigh muscles reduces knee stability.

• Poor Balance or Coordination: Reduced proprioception increases the risk of sudden knee movements that may harm the LCL.

• Improper Technique: Incorrect form during physical activities can strain the knee ligaments.

Symptoms of Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Sprains

Symptoms of an LCL injury depend on the severity of the sprain and may include:

• Pain: Sharp or localized pain on the outer side of the knee, which worsens with pressure or movement.

• Swelling: Swelling on the outer knee, often appearing within hours of the injury.

• Instability: A feeling that the knee may give out or buckle, particularly during weight-bearing activities.

• Bruising: Discoloration or tenderness along the ligament.

• Limited Motion: Difficulty bending or straightening the knee due to pain or stiffness.

Diagnosing Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Sprains

A thorough diagnosis is essential to determine the extent of the injury. This process may involve:

Physical Examination

A healthcare provider will evaluate:

• Tenderness: Palpating the outer side of the knee for areas of pain or swelling.

• Stress Tests: Applying pressure to the inside of the knee to assess stability and identify ligament laxity.

Imaging Studies

• X-rays: Used to rule out fractures or bone-related injuries.

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Provides detailed images of the LCL and surrounding structures to assess the degree of injury.

Treatment for Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Sprains

Treatment depends on the severity of the sprain, ranging from conservative care to surgical intervention.

Non-Surgical Treatment

For mild to moderate LCL sprains, the following treatments are typically effective:

1. R.I.C.E. Protocol

   • Rest: Limit activities to avoid putting stress on the knee.

   • Ice: Apply ice packs for 15–20 minutes every 2–3 hours to reduce swelling and pain.

   • Compression: Use an elastic bandage or brace to stabilize the knee.

   • Elevation: Keep the knee elevated above heart level to minimize swelling.

2. Physical Therapy

   • Strengthening Exercises: Focused on the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves to enhance knee stability.

   • Flexibility Training: Stretching to restore range of motion and prevent stiffness.

   • Proprioception Work: Balance and coordination exercises to reduce the risk of re-injury.

3. Knee Bracing

   • A brace may be recommended to provide additional support during the healing process.

4. Pain Management

   • Over-the-counter medications like NSAIDs can help manage pain and inflammation.

Surgical Treatment

Severe LCL injuries, such as complete tears, may require surgery:

• LCL Repair or Reconstruction: In cases of significant damage, the LCL may need to be surgically repaired or reconstructed using a graft.

• Post-Surgical Rehabilitation: After surgery, physiotherapy focuses on restoring strength, flexibility, and stability.

Recovery and Prognosis

• Mild Sprains: Recovery can take 2–4 weeks with appropriate treatment and rehabilitation.

• Moderate to Severe Sprains: Healing may take several months, especially if surgery is required.

With expert care and a tailored treatment plan, most patients fully recover and return to normal activities.

Preventing Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Sprains

While not all injuries are preventable, you can reduce the risk by:

• Strength Training: Building muscle strength in the thighs and calves to stabilize the knee.

• Proper Warm-Up: Preparing muscles and joints before physical activity with dynamic stretching.

• Wearing Protective Gear: Using braces or supports in high-risk sports or activities.

• Practicing Good Technique: Ensuring proper form during movements to avoid unnecessary stress on the knee.

If you're experiencing knee pain or instability, our team at Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health is here to help. We provide expert diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation to support your recovery. Book your appointment today!