Patellar Fracture: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is a Patellar Fracture?

The patella is a vital part of the knee joint, functioning to protect the knee and enhance the efficiency of the quadriceps muscle during movement. A patellar fracture occurs when this bone is damaged due to an injury. It can be a small crack (a simple fracture) or a complete break (comminuted fracture), which may result in a displaced or non-displaced fracture.

Causes of a Patellar Fracture

Patellar fractures are often the result of significant trauma or sudden impact, including:

• Direct Blow to the Knee: A fall, car accident, or sports injury where the knee is struck directly can cause a fracture.

• Falls: Falling directly onto the knee, particularly from a height, can cause a patellar fracture.

• Motor Vehicle Accidents: The impact from a collision can force the knee into an abnormal position, leading to fractures.

• Sports Injuries: High-contact sports, such as football, rugby, and skiing, where the knee is subjected to forceful trauma.

• Weak Bones: Osteoporosis or other conditions that weaken bones may make the patella more susceptible to fractures, even with less severe trauma.

Symptoms of a Patellar Fracture

Symptoms of a patellar fracture can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but common signs include:

• Severe Knee Pain: Immediate, sharp pain in the knee area, especially when trying to move the leg or bend the knee.

• Swelling: Significant swelling around the kneecap that may develop quickly after the injury.

• Bruising: Discoloration or bruising around the knee joint.

• Inability to Move the Knee: Difficulty or inability to straighten or bend the knee.

• Deformity: In cases of displaced fractures, the kneecap may appear misshapen or out of place.

• Tenderness: Tenderness around the knee and patella, particularly when touched or pressed.

Diagnosing a Patellar Fracture

Clinical Assessment

A healthcare provider will assess the knee by examining the area for swelling, bruising, and deformity. The patient will be asked to describe the injury mechanism (e.g., fall, collision) and assess the knee's ability to move.

Imaging

• X-rays: The primary imaging technique used to confirm the presence of a fracture and determine the type and extent of the injury.

• CT Scan: In some cases, a CT scan may be used to better understand the nature of the fracture, especially if it is complex or comminuted.

• MRI: An MRI may be necessary if there is suspicion of soft tissue damage, such as ligament or cartilage injury, in addition to the fracture.

Types of Patellar Fractures

Patellar fractures can be classified based on the location and severity of the break. Common classifications include:

1. Non-Displaced Fractures: The bone cracks but does not move out of place. These fractures are usually less severe and may heal without surgery.

2. Displaced Fractures: The bone breaks into two or more pieces and shifts out of alignment. These fractures typically require surgical intervention to realign the bones.

3. Comminuted Fractures: The patella is broken into multiple pieces. This is a more severe fracture that generally requires surgery to reconstruct the knee joint.

4. Vertical Fractures: A fracture that runs vertically along the patella, potentially affecting the joint surface.

5. Transverse Fractures: A horizontal break across the patella, often affecting the quadriceps tendon attachment.

6. Sleeve Avulsion Fracture: A small portion of the bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament, usually occurring in children due to the tension of the tendons.

Treatment for a Patellar Fracture

Non-Surgical Treatments

For less severe fractures or non-displaced fractures, non-surgical treatment may be recommended:

• Rest and Immobilization: The knee may be placed in a splint or cast to prevent movement and allow healing.

• Ice and Elevation: Applying ice and elevating the leg can help reduce swelling and manage pain.

• Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., NSAIDs) are typically recommended to control pain and inflammation.

• Physical Therapy: Once the fracture heals, physiotherapy is essential to restore mobility, strength, and function to the knee joint.

Surgical Treatments

For displaced or complex fractures, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the patella:

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF): The bone fragments are repositioned, and metal plates, screws, or wires are used to stabilize the patella.

• Patellar Tendon Repair: In cases where the quadriceps or patellar tendon is torn, surgery may involve repairing the tendon and reattaching it to the patella.

• Knee Arthroscopy: If there is associated damage to the cartilage or ligaments, arthroscopy may be performed to clean the joint and repair any soft tissue damage.

Recovery and Prognosis

• Healing Time: The recovery time for a patellar fracture can range from 6 to 12 weeks, depending on the severity of the injury and the treatment approach.

• Rehabilitation: Physical therapy plays a critical role in the recovery process. Strengthening exercises, range-of-motion exercises, and functional training are used to restore knee function and mobility.

• Complications: Potential complications include infection, blood clots, arthritis, or chronic knee pain if the fracture does not heal properly.

Preventing a Patellar Fracture

While many causes of patellar fractures are accidental, there are steps you can take to minimize the risk:

• Strengthen the Knee: Regular strengthening exercises for the quadriceps and hamstrings can help protect the knee joint.

• Balance and Coordination: Working on balance and coordination through exercises like yoga or pilates can reduce the risk of falls.

• Use Protective Gear: In high-contact sports, wearing knee pads or other protective equipment can help prevent injuries.

Expert Care at Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health

At Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health, our team of expert physiotherapists is dedicated to helping you recover from a patellar fracture. Whether you need non-surgical care or are recovering from surgery, we provide a comprehensive rehabilitation program to restore knee strength, mobility, and function.