Baker's Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is a Baker's Cyst?

A Baker's cyst forms when excess synovial fluid (a lubricating fluid within the knee joint) leaks into the bursa, a fluid-filled sac behind the knee. This fluid accumulation causes the bursa to swell, forming a noticeable lump behind the knee.

Causes of a Baker's Cyst

Baker's cysts are usually secondary to other knee conditions that cause joint swelling or inflammation, including:

• Osteoarthritis: Common in older adults due to cartilage degeneration.

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Chronic inflammation can increase fluid production.

• Meniscal Tears: Damage to the knee cartilage may trigger fluid buildup.

• Knee Injuries: Trauma can lead to inflammation and fluid accumulation.

Symptoms of a Baker's Cyst

• Swelling: A visible bulge or lump behind the knee.

• Pain: Discomfort or aching, especially during knee movement.

• Stiffness: Difficulty fully bending or straightening the knee.

• Tightness: A feeling of pressure behind the knee.

• Rupture: In some cases, the cyst may burst, causing sharp pain and swelling in the calf.

Diagnosing a Baker's Cyst

Clinical Assessment

• Observation and palpation to detect swelling and tenderness behind the knee.

• Evaluation of knee movement and functional limitations.

Imaging

• Ultrasound: Confirms the presence of a cyst and rules out other issues.

• MRI: May be used to identify underlying causes like meniscal tears or arthritis.

Treatment for a Baker's Cyst

Non-Surgical Treatments

1. Address Underlying Causes

   • Treating arthritis, meniscal tears, or inflammation can reduce fluid buildup.

2. Physiotherapy

   • Strengthening Exercises: Focused on supporting knee stability.

   • Stretching Exercises: Reduce tightness in surrounding muscles.

   • Manual Therapy: Techniques to improve knee mobility and reduce discomfort.

3. Pain Management

   • Ice Therapy: Apply ice to the back of the knee to reduce swelling.

   • Compression: Use of a knee sleeve or elastic bandage to limit swelling.

   • Anti-Inflammatory Medications: NSAIDs may help relieve pain and inflammation.

4. Aspiration

   • A healthcare provider may drain excess fluid from the cyst to relieve pressure and discomfort.

Surgical Treatment

• Reserved for persistent or severe cases where the cyst interferes with daily life.

• Surgery may involve removing the cyst or addressing underlying joint issues, such as repairing a meniscal tear.

Recovery and Prognosis

• Many Baker’s cysts resolve on their own or with conservative management.

• Treating the underlying condition is key to preventing recurrence.

Preventing a Baker's Cyst

• Maintain Joint Health: Regular low-impact exercise strengthens knee-supporting muscles.

• Weight Management: Reducing excess weight minimizes stress on the knee joint.

• Early Treatment: Address knee injuries or inflammation promptly to prevent complications.

Expert Care at Palms Physiotherapy & Allied Health

If you’re experiencing symptoms of a Baker's cyst, our experienced team can provide individualized treatment to reduce symptoms and restore knee function.